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SURVEYING I
Chain Surveying
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Levelling
Leveling is the art of determining the relative height of different points above or below the ground. The principle of leveling involves obtaining a horizontal line of sight, with observations taken of the vertical distances of points above or below this line. The objective of leveling is to find the elevation of a given point with respect to a reference line called the datum, in order to establish the point at the required elevation. Refracted line of sight, sea level datum, plumb line, and horizontal plane are all important components of the leveling process. This process also involves the use of a level rod, back sight, foresight, turning point, and the height of the instrument above the datum. Vertical refraction, which is the bending of light when it passes through layers of air with different densities, is also taken into consideration during leveling.
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Leveling Definition :--Leveling:- is defined as "an art of determining the relative height of different points on, above or below the ground.
Leveling:-Definitions, technical terms, uses,
details of levels such as dumpy, tilting and
auto leveling staff, Temporary and permanent
adjustments of dumpy and auto level, corrections
curvature, refraction, combine and sensitiveness, reciprocal leveling, collimation and rise & fall method, errors,
Precautions
Principle of Leveling: The principle of leveling is to obtain horizontal line of sight with
respect to which vertical distances of the points above or below this line of sight are
Observations taken.
Object of leveling:-The objective of Leveling Find the elevation of given point with respect to some
assumed reference line called datum. To establish point at required elevation respect to datum
Instruments for leveling :--Level and types of leveling. The instrument used to furnish
horizontal line of sight for observing staff readings and determining R.L.
Terms used in Leveling:-Level surface It is the surface parallel to the mean spheroid surface
of the earth Level line Line lying on level surface.
Horizontal plane Horizontal plane through a point is a plane tangential to level surface
Terms used in levelling:-•Datum:-It is an arbitrary level surface from which elevation of points
may be referred". In India mean sea level is considered as datum of zero elevation it is situated at Karachi.
•Mean Sea Level is the average height of sea for all stages of tides it is derived by averaging the hourly tide height over a period of 19 years.
•Elevation or Reduced level It is height or depth of any point above or below any datum. It is denoted as R.L.
technical terms:- •Terms used in leveling
•Level line
•Level surface
•Horizontal line
•Horizontal plane
•Horizontal line is the line of sight of instrument which is tangential to the level
surface and It is perpendicular to the plumb line. The surface along horizontal line of sight
is called as horizontal surface
•Level surface Vertical angle Difference in elevation between A and B
•Vertical datum Elevation
OTHER TERMS USED IN LEVELLING
•Bench Mark (B.M.) It is a fixed reference point of known elevation with respect to datum.
•Line of collimation It is a line joining the intersection of cross hairs of diaphragm to the optical Centre of object
glass and its continuation. It is also known as line of sight.
•Height of instrument It is the elevation of line of collimation with respect to datum
•Back sight It is a staff reading taken at a known elevation. It is the first staff reading taken after setup of
instrument.
levelling:--
Terms used in Levelling
Fore sight(F.S.) It is the last staff reading
taken denoting the shifting of the
instrument.
Intermediate sigh All staff reading between
B.S. and F.S. are (I.S.) It is staff reading taken on a point whose elevation is
to be determined.
Intermediate sight.:- All staff reading
between B.S. and F.S. are Intermediate sight
Change Point (T.P) It is a point on which
both fore and back sight are taken.
Instruments for levelling
The following instruments
are essentially required for
leveling Level InstrumentLeveling Staff: They are of
many
Types i.e. folding,
Telescopic, standard straight
Straight staff the according to
Material makeup.
Peg. Along with these you need arrows chain tape
Dumpy level
•The Dumpy level is a simple, compact and stable instrument.
•The telescope is rigidly fixed to its supports.
Hence it cannot be rotated about horizontal axis.
The essential difference between wyes level and other levels is that in wye level the
telescope is carried by two vertical wye supports. The telescope can be rotated, moved
or even raised in wyes.
Automatic level
It is also known as self
aligning level. It is a recent
development. The fundamental
difference between auto level
and other levels is that the
leveling is not manually but it is levelled automatically. It is achieved by inclination
compensating device.
Introduction:
An automatic level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the
same horizontal plane in a process known as leveling and is used in conjunction with
a leveling staff to establish the relative heights levels of objects or marks. It is widely
used in surveying and construction to measure height differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or marks.
It is also known as a Surveyors level, Builders level, Dumpy level or the historic “Y” level. It operates on the principle of establishing a visual level relationship between two or more points, for which an inbuilt telescope and a highly accurate bubble level are used to achieve the necessary accuracy.
It is usually used by contractors, builders, land surveying professionals
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